941 Aluminum In Vaccines May Cause Autism According To Experts in New Study

Aluminum In Vaccines May Cause Autism According To Experts in New Study

Newsletter published on 2 December 2017

(1) Aluminum In Vaccines May Cause Autism According To Experts in New Study
(2) Perhaps we now have the link between Vaccination and Autism - Daily Mail
(3) Aluminium and autism - by Professor Chris Exley in The Hippocratic Post
(4) Researchers should test Vaccines for Mercury as well - Gary Kohls M.D.

(1) Aluminum In Vaccines May Cause Autism According To Experts in New Study

https://www.activistpost.com/2017/12/aluminum-in-vaccines-may-cause-autism-according-to-experts.html

DECEMBER 1, 2017

By Aaron Kesel

A new controversial study confirms aluminum in vaccines may cause Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and those children who suffer from it to have
up 10 times more metal in their brains than what is considered a safe
amount for adults. But is anyone surprised that metals cause deficiency
in one’s own body?

Mercury and aluminum have long been debated by people like Robert
Kennedy Jr. as ingredients in vaccines that could cause autism; and for
good reason since we know that both aluminum and Mercury are neurotoxins
that harm the body at high levels. But now researchers have discovered
that aluminum causes the membrane to separate the brain from blood
flowing to it, thus affecting its internal temperature, non-neuronal
cells and inflammatory cells, Daily Mail reported.

"Perhaps we now have the link between vaccination and autism spectrum
disorder (ASD), the link being the inclusion of an aluminium adjuvant in
the vaccine," Professor Chris Exley from Keele University said.

The scientists hypothesize that children who suffer from autism may
suffer from some strange genetic change that cause them to accumulate
aluminum within their bodies. The study was published in the Journal of
Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.

Another study in 2012 from the peer-reviewed medical journal Lupus by
Lucija Tomljenovic, PhD and Christopher A. Shaw, PhD of the University
of British Columbia corroborates what Professor Chris Exley published,
indicating that aluminum toxicity targets the mitochondria. The
experiment found evidence that aluminum as an adjuvant can lead to
permanent detrimental alterations of the brain and immune system function.

Aluminum is known to cause an "etiology of a number of diseases
including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, dialysis encephalopathy, and
osteomalacia. Al has been shown to exert its effects by disrupting lipid
membrane fluidity, perturbing iron (Fe), magnesium, and calcium
homeostasis, and causing oxidative stress," according to the abstract of
the 2012 study.

This is also on point with what many court rulings have found as well in
relation to vaccines causing autism in once-healthy kids.

One case in an Italian court in September, 2014, "ruled mercury and
aluminum in vaccines cause autism" and awarded a plaintiff’s family
compensation for their young boy who developed autism from a six-in-one
hexavalent vaccine manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. GSK even admits
INFANRIX Hexa can cause several deadly illnesses, but insists that its
risk-benefit profile "continues to be favorable." In 2013, two kids were
awarded millions by the vaccine court, confirming the MMR vaccine causes
autism.

So what is the probability that the MMR vaccine causes autism?  Is there
any research that suggest the vaccine could potentially cause autism in
kids? Yes, there is a ton of evidence including court cases, various
studies, whistleblowers and quotes by health community officials themselves.

This is all on record if you really want to dig. But I figured I’d do
the digging for you, so you can follow along and check my research and
understand where all this comes from and decide for yourself.

A senior CDC official, Dr. William Thompson stated vaccination’s links
to autism and released 1,000 documents to back his claims.

This issue has actually been known since the 1960s that the MMR vaccine
causes autism and has been admitted publicly.

"Rubella (congenital rubella syndrome) is one of the few proven causes
of autism," Walter A. Orenstein, M.D., former Assistant Surgeon General
and Director of the National Immunization Program, said in a 2002 letter
to the UK’s Chief Medical Officer.

Then in 1998, a study by Dr. Andrew Wakefield and colleagues published
in the respected medical journal the Lancet allegedly found a supposed
link with autism and bowel disease which has since been retracted and
called an elaborate fraud. Although research by Mercola found that new
evidence refutes fraud findings in Dr. Wakefield’s Case.

This is the same Andrew Wakefield who was also the director of the
censored movie VAXXED: From Cover-up to Catastrophe.

In 2015, the aforementioned CDC whistleblower Dr. William Thompson
confirmed the previous claims made by Dr. Andrew Wakefield in 1998.
Thompson alleges that his colleagues in a 2004 study by the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control covered up and destroyed 2004 study documents that
showed a significant link between the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps and
rubella) and autism in African American boys vaccinated before 36 months.

"The omitted data suggested that African American males who received the
MMR vaccine before age 36 months were at increased risk for autism."
~CDC Senior Scientist Dr. William Thompson

If that’s not enough, after the revelation by the CDC whistleblower
other doctors have questioned the MMR vaccine’s safety. Even Dr. Peter
Fletcher, former Chief Scientific Officer at the Department of Health in
the UK, says there are "thousands of documents" that are being ignored
that prove the dangers of the MMR vaccine.

"The refusal by governments to evaluate the risks properly will make
this one of the greatest scandals in medical history," Dr. Peter
Fletcher said.

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"It’s time to clean up the CDC cesspool Dr. Thompson must speak, under
oath. We all need to email the Congressional Oversight and Reform Office
today and request that Dr. Thompson be issued a subpoena. If the CDC
intentionally hid the data that the MMR vaccine was associated with
autism, then CDC heads need to roll this needs to end now," Dr.
Brownstein, a top doctor said.

Further evidence that could lead to a link that the aluminum adjuvant
causes ADS is a court ruling in the UK which found that the Swine Flu
vaccinations had caused brain damage and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
in multiple kids in 2015  who took the jab.

Using aluminum and other metals in vaccines as an adjuvant may be part
of a 90-year-old experiment where we were all the lab rats.

Aluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most
commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Despite almost 90 years of widespread
use of aluminum adjuvants, medical science’s understanding about their
mechanisms of action is still remarkably poor. There is also a
concerning scarcity of data on toxicology and pharmacokinetics of these
compounds. In spite of this, the notion that aluminum in vaccines is
safe appears to be widely accepted. Experimental research, however,
clearly shows that aluminum adjuvants have a potential to induce serious
immunological disorders in humans. In particular, aluminum in adjuvant
form carries a risk for autoimmunity, long-term brain inflammation and
associated neurological complications and may thus have profound and
widespread adverse health consequences. In our opinion, the possibility
that vaccine benefits may have been overrated and the risk of potential
adverse effects underestimated, has not been rigorously evaluated in the
medical and scientific community. We hope that the present paper will
provide a framework for a much needed and long overdue assessment of
this highly contentious medical issue. – US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health.

This all also comes after the CDC suggested there might be a link
between miscarriages and vaccinations as I reported for Natural Blaze in
early September.

For a list of vaccines that still contain mercury and aluminum above EPA
safety levels click here. Seven vaccines are reported to still contain
thimerosal, which is 49.5% mercury.

Why has it taken us so long to ask if injecting known neurotoxins into
the bodies of infants and children is safe when the US National Library
of Medicine National Institutes of Health has admitted their
understanding of aluminum as a main adjuvant in vaccines is "poor"?

(2) Perhaps we now have the link between Vaccination and Autism - Daily Mail

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5133049/Aluminium-vaccines-cause-autism.html

'Perhaps we now have the link between vaccination and autism':

Professor reveals aluminium in jabs may cause sufferers to have up 10
times more of the metal in their brains than is safe

Aluminium crosses the membrane that separates the brain from blood The
metal accumulates in cells that maintain a constant internal environment
Autism sufferers may have genetic changes that cause them to hold
aluminium Disgraced doctor Andrew Wakefield linked autism to the MMR
vaccine in 1995 His views are widely discredited, but the WHO says
vaccine fears put many off

By PROFESSOR CHRIS EXLEY FOR THE HIPPOCRATIC POST and ALEXANDRA THOMPSON
HEALTH REPORTER FOR MAILONLINE

PUBLISHED: 03:03 AEDT, 1 December 2017 | UPDATED: 03:17 AEDT, 1 December
2017

Aluminium in vaccines may cause autism, controversial new research suggests.

Autistic children have up to 10 times more of the metal in their brains
than what is considered safe in adults, a study found.

Aluminium crosses the membrane that separates the brain from circulating
blood and accumulates in cells involved in maintaining a constant
internal environment, such as temperature, the research adds.

Study author Professor Chris Exley from Keele University, said: 'Perhaps
we now have the link between vaccination and autism spectrum disorder
(ASD), the link being the inclusion of an aluminium adjuvant in the
vaccine.'

The researchers speculate autism sufferers may have genetic changes that
cause them to accumulate aluminium which healthy people are able to remove.

The findings are controversial after the disgraced gastroenterologist
Andrew Wakefield said in 1995 that the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
vaccine is linked to bowel disease and autism.

Mr Wakefield's view has since been widely discredited, however, the
World Health Organization claims people's fear of vaccines means many,
particularly young children, are unprotected against measles.

In a piece for The Hippocratic Post, Professor Exley discusses how
aluminium accumulates in the brains of autism sufferers and if vaccines
may be to blame.

Aluminium enters the brain and accumulates

Research at Keele University, published in the Journal of Trace Elements
in Medicine and Biology, provides the strongest indication yet that
aluminium is a cause of ASD.

The aluminium content of brain tissues from five donors who died with a
diagnosis of ASD was found to be extraordinarily high; some of the
highest values yet measured in human brain tissue.

Why for example, would one of the four major brain lobes of a
15-year-old boy with autism be 8.74 (11.59) micrograms/g dry weight - a
value which is at least 10 times higher than might be considered as
acceptable for an adult never mind a child?

Yet, while the aluminium content of each of the five brains was
shockingly high it was the location of the aluminium in the brain tissue
which served as the standout observation.

The majority of aluminium was identified in non-neuronal cells, which
are involved in maintaining a constant internal environment.

Aluminium was also found in inflammatory cells in the brain, alongside
clear evidence of inflammatory cells heavily loaded with aluminium
entering the brain via the surrounding membranes and those that separate
the brain from circulating blood.

The fact that the majority of aluminium found in brain tissues in ASD
was within cells and associated with tissues that maintain the body's
internal environment is, at least for now, unique to ASD and may begin
to explain why young adolescents had so much aluminium in their brains.

Autism sufferers may be less able to remove built-up aluminium

Perhaps there is something within the genetic make-up of specific
individuals which predisposes them to accumulate and retain aluminium in
their brain, as is similarly suggested for individuals with genetically
passed-on Alzheimer’s disease.

The new evidence strongly suggests aluminium is entering the brain in
ASD via inflammatory cells which have become loaded up with aluminium in
the blood and/or lymph, much as has been for certain immune cells at
injection sites for vaccines that contain aluminium to increase the
body's immune response.

This article was originally published by The Hippocratic Post and
reproduced with their permission.

(3) Aluminium and autism - by Professor Chris Exley in The Hippocratic Post

https://www.hippocraticpost.com/infection-disease/aluminium-and-autism/

Aluminium and autism

Professor Chris Exley

The Hippocratic Post, 30th November 2017

Does human exposure to aluminium  have a role to play in autism spectrum
disorder (ASD)? Research at Keele University published in the Journal of
Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology provides the strongest indication
yet that aluminium is an aetiological agent in ASD. The aluminium
content of brain tissues from 5 donors who died with a diagnosis of ASD
was found to be extraordinarily high, some of the highest values yet
measured in human brain tissue. Why for example, would the occipital
lobe of a 15 year old boy with autism be 8.74 (11.59) micrograms/g dry
wt., a value which is at least 10 times higher than might be considered
as acceptable for an aged adult never mind a child?

However, while the aluminium content of each of the 5 brains was
shockingly high it was the location of the aluminium in the brain tissue
which served as the standout observation. The majority of aluminium was
identified inside non-neuronal cells including microglia and astrocytes.

However, while the aluminium content of each of the 5 brains was
shockingly high it was the location of the aluminium in the brain tissue
which served as the standout observation. The majority of aluminium was
identified inside non-neuronal cells including microglia and astrocytes.

Aluminium was also found in lymphocytes in the meninges and in similar
inflammatory cells in the vasculature. There was clear evidence of
inflammatory cells heavily loaded with aluminium entering the brain via
the meningeal membranes and the blood-brain-barrier.

The fact that the majority of aluminium found in brain tissues in ASD
was intracellular and associated with non-neuronal cells is, at least
for now, unique to ASD and may begin to explain why young adolescents
had so much aluminium in their brains.

The fact that the majority of aluminium found in brain tissues in ASD
was intracellular and associated with non-neuronal cells is, at least
for now, unique to ASD and may begin to explain why young adolescents
had so much aluminium in their brains.

Perhaps there is something within the genetic make-up of specific
individuals which predisposes them to accumulate and retain aluminium in
their brain, as is similarly suggested for individuals with familial
Alzheimer’s disease. The new evidence strongly suggests that aluminium
is entering the brain in ASD via pro-inflammatory cells which have
become loaded up with aluminium in the blood and/or lymph, much as has
been demonstrated for monocytes at injection sites for vaccines
including aluminium adjuvants. Perhaps we now have the putative link
between vaccination and ASD, the link being the inclusion of an
aluminium adjuvant in the vaccine.

Professor Chris Exley
Professor in Bioinorganic Chemistry Keele University
Honorary Professor, UHI Millennium Institute
Group Leader - Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Keele

(4) Researchers should test Vaccines for Mercury as well - Gary Kohls M.D.

From: Gary Kohls<ggkohls@mydutytowarn.org> 30 November 2017 at 13:56

Note that the authors of the new research paper are being very
charitable (or cautious, logically fearful about being "wakefielded" by
Big Pharma’s trolls that seem to be eveywhere these days) about drawing
the obvious conclusion that the autistic victims whose brains were
tested were certain to have been fully vaccinated starting in infancy
(especially the brain of the 15 year-old autistic boy). It is important
to note that the aluminum remained in the brain for years.

It would be interesting for the authors to go back and obtain the
clinical information about vaccinations and perhaps test for mercury as
well. Orally ingested aluminum rarely reaches the blood stream, much
less comes in contact with or able to cross the brain-brain barrier
(unless the BBB has been sickened by any number of cellular toxins –
including aluminum and mercury) whereas intramuscularly injected
aluminum adjuvants can easily get into the brain, via macrophages and
other white blood cells that naturally ingest the antigens that have
aluminum adjuvants adsorbed (as foreign body) and are then able to
eventually cross the blood-brain barrier through the BBB tight
junctions, along with the ingested aluminum and adsorbed antigens

Hopefully we will hear analyses of this paper from Dr Gherardi, Dr
Shoenfeld, Dr Shaw, Dr Tomljenovic and some of the other experts on
aluminum and vaccine neurotoxicity. (Note that "aluminum" is spelled
"aluminium" in Britain and pronounced with 5 syllables.) Gary

Aluminium in Brain Tissue in Autism

Matthew Mold (a), Dorcas Umar (b), Andrew King (c), Christopher Exley (a)

a.The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University,
Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom. b) Life Sciences, Keele
University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom. c) Department of
Clinical Neuropathology, Kings College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, United
Kingdom.

https://worldmercuryproject.org/wp-content/uploads/Mold-2017-Aluminum-in-Brain-Tissue-and-Autism.pdf

Keywords: Human exposure to aluminium; human brain tissue; autism
spectrum disorder; transversely heated atomic absorption spectrometry;
aluminium-selective fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACT

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown
aetiology. It is suggested to involve both genetic susceptibility and
environmental factors including in the latter environmental toxins.
Human exposure to the environmental toxin aluminium has been linked, if
tentatively, to autism spectrum disorder. Herein we have used
transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to
measure, for the first time, the aluminium content of brain tissue from
donors with a diagnosis of autism. We have also used an
aluminium-selective fluor to identify aluminium in brain tissue using
fluorescence microscopy. The aluminium content of brain tissue in autism
was consistently high. The mean (standard deviation) aluminium content
across all 5 individuals for each lobe were 3.82(5.42), 2.30(2.00),
2.79(4.05) and 3.82(5.17) mg/g dry wt. for the occipital, frontal,
temporal and parietal lobes respectively. These are some of the highest
values for aluminium in human brain tissue yet recorded and one has to
question why, for example, the aluminium content of the occipital lobe
of a 15 year-old boy would be 8.74 (11.59) mg/g dry wt.?

Aluminium-selective fluorescence microscopy was used to identify
aluminium in brain tissue in 10 donors. While aluminium was imaged
associated with neurones it appeared to be present intracellularly in
microglia-like cells and other inflammatory non-neuronal cells in the
meninges, vasculature, grey and white matter. The pre-eminence of
intracellular aluminium associated with non-neuronal cells was a
standout observation in autism brain tissue and may offer clues as to
both the origin of the brain aluminium as well as a putative role in
autism spectrum disorder.

1.Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental
conditions of unknown cause. It is highly likely that both genetic [1]
and environmental [2] factors are associated with the onset and progress
of ASD while the mechanisms underlying its aetiology are expected to be
multifactorial [3-6]. Human exposure to aluminium has been implicated in
ASD with conclusions being equivocal [7-10]. To-date the majority of
studies have used hair as their indicator of human exposure to aluminium
while aluminium in blood and urine have also been used to a much more
limited extent. Paediatric vaccines that include an aluminium adjuvant
are an indirect measure of infant exposure to aluminium and their
burgeoning use has been directly correlated with increasing prevalence
of ASD [11]. Animal models of ASD continue to support a connection with
aluminium and to aluminium adjuvants used in human vaccinations in
particular [12]. Hitherto there are no previous reports of aluminium in
brain tissue from donors who died with a diagnosis of ASD. We have
measured aluminium in brain tissue in autism and identified the location
of aluminium in these tissues.

<<SNIP>>

RESULTS

3.1. Aluminium content of brain tissues

The aluminium content of all tissues ranged from 0.01 (the limit of
quantitation) to 22.11mg/g dry wt. (Table 1). The aluminium content for
whole brains (n=4 or 5 depending upon the availability of hippocampus
tissue) ranged from 1.20 (1.06) mg/g dry wt. for the 44 year-old female
donor (A1) to 4.77 (4.79) mg/g dry wt. for a 33 year-old male donor
(A5). Previous measurements of brain aluminium, including our 60 brain
study [15], have allowed us to define loose categories of brain
aluminium content beginning with ?1.00 mg/g dry wt. as pathologically
benign (as opposed to ‘normal’). Approximately 40% of tissues (24/59)
had an aluminium content considered as pathologically-concerning (?2.00
mg/g dry wt.) while approximately 67% of these tissues had an aluminium
content considered as pathologically significant (?3.00 mg/g dry wt.).
The brains of all 5 individuals had at least one tissue with a
pathologically significant content of aluminium. The brains of 4
individuals had at least one tissue with an aluminium content ?5.00 mg/g
dry wt. while 3 of these had at least one tissue with an aluminium
content ?10.00 mg/g dry wt. (Table 1). The mean (SD) aluminium content
across all 5 individuals for each lobe were 3.82(5.42), 2.30(2.00),
2.79(4.05) and 3.82(5.17) mg/g dry wt. for the occipital, frontal,
temporal and parietal lobes respectively. There were no statistically
significant differences in aluminium content between any of the 4 lobes.

3.2. Aluminium fluorescence in brain tissues

We examined serial brain sections from 10 individuals (3 females and 7
males) who died with a diagnosis of ASD and recorded the presence of
aluminium in these tissues (Table S1). Excitation of the complex of
aluminium and lumogallion emits characteristic orange fluorescence that
appears increasingly bright yellow at higher fluorescence intensities.
Aluminium, identified as lumogallion-reactive deposits, was recorded in
at least one tissue in all 10 individuals. Autofluorescence of
immediately adjacent serial sections confirmed lumogallion fluorescence
as indicative of aluminium. Deposits of aluminium were significantly
more prevalent in males (129 in 7 individuals) than females (21 in 37
individuals). Aluminium was found in both white (62 deposits) and grey
(88 deposits) matter. In females the majority of aluminium deposits were
identified as extracellular (15/21) whereas in males the opposite was
the case with 80 out of 129 deposits being intracellular. We were only
supplied with 3 serial sections of each tissue and so we were not able
to do any staining for general morphology which meant that it was not
always possible to determine which subtype of cell was showing aluminium
fluorescence.

Aluminium-loaded mononuclear white blood cells, probably lymphocytes,
were identified in the meninges and possibly in the process of entering
brain tissue from the lymphatic system (Fig.1). Aluminium could be
clearly seen inside cells as either discrete punctate deposits or as
bright yellow fluorescence. Aluminium was located in inflammatory cells
associated with the vasculature (Fig. 2). In one case what looks like an
aluminium-loaded lymphocyte or monocyte was noted within a blood vessel
lumen surrounded by red blood cells while another probable lymphocyte
showing intense yellow fluorescence was noted in the adventitia (Fig.
2b). Glial cells including microglia-like cells that showed positive
aluminium fluorescence were often observed in brain tissue in the
vicinity of aluminium-stained extracellular deposits (Figs. 3&4).
Discrete deposits of aluminium approximately 1mm in diameter were
clearly visible in both round and amoeboid glial cell bodies (e.g. Fig.
3b). Intracellular aluminium was identified in likely neurones and
glia-like cells and often in the vicinity of or co-localised with
lipofuscin (Fig. 5). Aluminium-selective fluorescence microscopy was
successful in identifying aluminium in extracellular and intracellular
locations in neurones and non-neuronal cells and across all brain
tissues studied (Figs.1-5). The method only identifies aluminium as
evidenced by large areas of brain tissue without any characteristic
aluminium-positive fluorescence (Fig. S1).

4. Discussion

The aluminium content of brain tissues from donors with a diagnosis of
ASD was extremely high (Table 1). While there was significant
inter-tissue, inter-lobe and inter-subject variability the mean
aluminium content for each lobe across all 5 individuals was towards the
higher end of all previous (historical) measurements of brain aluminium
content, including iatrogenic disorders such as dialysis encephalopathy
[13,15, 16-19]. All 4 male donors had significantly higher
concentrations of brain aluminium than the single female donor. We
recorded some of the highest values for brain aluminium content ever
measured in healthy or diseased tissues in these male ASD donors
including values of 17.10, 18.57 and 22.11 mg/g dry wt. (Table 1). What
discriminates these data from other analyses of brain aluminium in other
diseases is the age of the ASD donors. Why, for example would a 15
year-old boy have such a high content of aluminium in their brain
tissues? There are no comparative data in the scientific literature, the
closest being similarly high data for a 42 year-old male with familial
Alzheimer’s disease (fAD) [19]. Aluminium-selective fluorescence
microscopy has provided indications as to the location of aluminium in
these ASD brain tissues (Figs. 1-5). Aluminium was found in both white
and grey matter and in both extra- and intracellular locations. The
latter were particularly preeminent in these ASD tissues. Cells that
morphologically appeared non-neuronal and heavily loaded with aluminium
were identified associated with the meninges (Fig. 1), the vasculature
(Fig. 2) and within grey and white matter (Figs. 3-5). Some of these
cells appeared to be glial (probably astrocytic) whilst others had
elongated nuclei giving the appearance of microglia [5]. The latter were
sometimes seen in the environment of extracellular aluminium deposition.
This implies that aluminium somehow had crossed the blood-brain barrier
and was taken up by a native cell namely the microglial cell.
Interestingly, the presence of occasional aluminium-laden inflammatory
cells in the vasculature and the leptomeninges opens the possibility of
a separate mode of entry of aluminium into the brain i.e.
intracellularly. However, to allow this second scenario to be of
significance one would expect some type of intracerebral insult to occur
to allow egress of lymphocytes and monocytes from the vasculature. The
identification herein of non-neuronal cells including inflammatory
cells, glial cells and microglia loaded with aluminium is a standout
observation for ASD. For example, the majority of aluminium deposits
identified in brain tissue in fAD were extracellular and nearly always
associated with grey matter [19]. Aluminium is cytotoxic [21] and its
association herein with inflammatory cells in the vasculature, meninges
and central nervous system is unlikely to be benign. Microglia heavily
loaded with aluminium while potentially remaining viable, at least for
some time, will inevitably be compromised and dysfunctional microglia
are thought to be involved in the aetiology of ASD [22], for example in
disrupting synaptic pruning [23]. In addition the suggestion from the
data herein that aluminium entry into the brain via immune cells
circulating in the blood and lymph is expedited in ASD might begin to
explain the earlier posed question of why there was so much aluminium in
the brain of a 15 year old boy with an ASD. A limitation of our study is
the small number of cases that were available to study and the limited
availability of tissue. Regarding the latter, having access to only 1g
of frozen tissue and just 3 serial sections of fixed tissue per lobe
would normally be perceived as a significant limitation. Certainly if we
had not identified any significant deposits of aluminium in such a small
(the average brain weighs between 1500 and 2000g) sample of brain tissue
then such a finding would be equivocal. However, the fact that we found
aluminium in every sample of brain tissue, frozen or fixed, does suggest
very strongly that individuals with a diagnosis of ASD have
extraordinarily high levels of aluminium in their brain tissue and that
this aluminium is pre-eminently associated with non-neuronal cells
including microglia and other inflammatory monocytes.

5. Conclusions

We have made the first measurements of aluminium in brain tissue in ASD
and we have shown that the brain aluminium content is extraordinarily
high. We have identified aluminium in brain tissue as both extracellular
and intracellular with the latter involving both neurones and
non-neuronal cells. The presence of aluminium in inflammatory cells in
the meninges, vasculature, grey and white matter is a standout
observation and could implicate aluminium in the aetiology of ASD

References (# 23) and Images available at
https://worldmercuryproject.org/wp-content/uploads/Mold-2017-Aluminum-in-Brain-Tissue-and-Autism